Glutathione Solution 150mg/ml

Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide antioxidant, comprised of cysteine, glutamic acid and glycine (1). Its main roles in the body are:

- Protection against reactive oxygen species  (2)

- Regulation of cellular activity such as gene expression and protein synthesis (3)

- Supporting T & NK cells, to optimise immune response (4)

REFERENCES

1.    Wu, G., Fang, Y. Z., Yang, S., Lupton, J. R., & Turner, N. D. (2004). Glutathione metabolism and its implications for health. The Journal of nutrition, 134(3), 489–492. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/134.3.489

2.    Gaucher, C., Boudier, A., Bonetti, J., Clarot, I., Leroy, P., & Parent, M. (2018). Glutathione: Antioxidant Properties Dedicated to Nanotechnologies. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), 7(5), 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox7050062

3.    Melnikov, F., Botta, D., White, C. C., Schmuck, S. C., Winfough, M., Schaupp, C. M., Gallagher, E. P., Brooks, B. W., Williams, E. S., Coish, P., Anastas, P. T., Voutchkova-Kostal, A., Kostal, J., & Kavanagh, T. J. (2019). Kinetics of Glutathione Depletion and Antioxidant Gene Expression as Indicators of Chemical Modes of Action Assessed in Vitro in Mouse Hepatocytes with Enhanced Glutathione Synthesis. Chemical research in toxicology, 32(3), 421–436. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00259

4.    Abnousian, A., Vasquez, J., Sasaninia, K., Kelley, M., & Venketaraman, V. (2023). Glutathione Modulates Efficacious Changes in the Immune Response against Tuberculosis. Biomedicines, 11(5), 1340. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11051340

As humans age, antioxidant production decreases to a level of which damage from oxidative stress and UV damage is no longer being neutralised effectively (1).

Hydrogen peroxide, a reactive molecule produced during the breakdown of stress-related catecholamines, has been proven to cause greying of hair when antioxidant availability is insufficient for the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen (2). 

Low levels of glutathione have been proven in study to show a direct relationship with premature greying (3), which supports anecdotes of glutathione supplementation delaying - and even reversing - the greying of hair.

REFERENCES

1.    Poljsak, B., Dahmane, R., & Godic, A. (2013). Skin and antioxidants. Journal of cosmetic and laser therapy : official publication of the European Society for Laser Dermatology, 15(2), 107–113. https://doi.org/10.3109/14764172.2012.758380

2.    Wood, J. M., Decker, H., Hartmann, H., Chavan, B., Rokos, H., Spencer, J. D., Hasse, S., Thornton, M. J., Shalbaf, M., Paus, R., & Schallreuter, K. U. (2009). Senile hair graying: H2O2-mediated oxidative stress affects human hair color by blunting methionine sulfoxide repair. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 23(7), 2065–2075. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.08-125435

3.    Saxena, S., Gautam, R. K., Gupta, A., & Chitkara, A. (2020). Evaluation of Systemic Oxidative Stress in Patients with Premature Canities and Correlation of Severity of Hair Graying with the Degree of Redox Imbalance. International journal of trichology, 12(1), 16–23. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijt.ijt_99_19

The metabolism of anabolic steroids in the body leads to a significant rise in reactive oxygen species, which damage cells, proteins, lipids, and DNA (1). Oxidative damage is a major contributor to the long-term health risks associated with AAS use, including cardiovascular disease, liver toxicity, and neurological dysfunction (2). Glutathione is essential for the detoxification processes in the liver, and its depletion has been shown to exacerbate the harmful effects of oxidative stress on liver cells (3). 

The brain is particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress, and excessive ROS production can lead to neuronal injury, cognitive decline, and even mood disorders (4). As glutathione is essential for maintaining brain health by neutralising oxidative damage, its supplementation may provide neuroprotective benefits, helping to protect the brain from the cognitive and emotional effects of AAS-induced oxidative stress.

REFERENCES

1. Hinson, J. A., & Roberts, D. W. (2007). Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of AAS-induced liver toxicity. Toxicological Sciences, 99(2), 248-254. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfm099
2. Sies H. (2015). Oxidative stress: a concept in redox biology and medicine. Redox biology, 4, 180–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2015.01.002
3. Santacroce, G., Gentile, A., Soriano, S., Novelli, A., Lenti, M. V., & Di Sabatino, A. (2023). Glutathione: Pharmacological aspects and implications for clinical use in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Frontiers in medicine, 10, 1124275. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1124275
4. McKee, R. A., & Pomerleau, O. F. (2007). Anabolic steroid-induced neurotoxicity and mood disorders: the role of oxidative stress. Neuropsychopharmacology, 32(10), 2121-2128. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1301302